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This transition to BEC occurs below a critical temperature, which for a uniform three-dimensional gas consisting of non-interacting particles with no apparent internal degrees of freedom is given by: Since 1995, many other atomic species have been condensed, and BECs have also been realized using molecules, quasi-particles, and photons. These early studies founded the field of ultracold atoms, and hundreds of research groups around the world now routinely produce BECs of dilute atomic vapors in their labs.
For their achievements Cornell, Wieman, and Ketterle received the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics. Shortly thereafter, Wolfgang Ketterle at MIT produced a Bose–Einstein Condensate in a gas of sodium atoms. On 5 June 1995, the first gaseous condensate was produced by Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman at the University of Colorado at Boulder NIST– JILA lab, in a gas of rubidium atoms cooled to 170 nanokelvins (nK). This led to the immediate pursuit of the idea by four independent research groups these were led by Isaac Silvera ( University of Amsterdam), Walter Hardy ( University of British Columbia), Thomas Greytak ( Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and David Lee ( Cornell University). The quest to produce a Bose–Einstein condensate in the laboratory was stimulated by a paper published in 1976 by two Program Directors at the National Science Foundation (William Stwalley and Lewis Nosanow). In 1938, Fritz London proposed the BEC as a mechanism for superfluidity in 4 Einstein proposed that cooling bosonic atoms to a very low temperature would cause them to fall (or "condense") into the lowest accessible quantum state, resulting in a new form of matter. Bosons, particles that include the photon as well as atoms such as helium-4 ( 4 The result of their efforts is the concept of a Bose gas, governed by Bose–Einstein statistics, which describes the statistical distribution of identical particles with integer spin, now called bosons. ) Einstein then extended Bose's ideas to matter in two other papers. (The Einstein manuscript, once believed to be lost, was found in a library at Leiden University in 2005. Einstein was impressed, translated the paper himself from English to German and submitted it for Bose to the Zeitschrift für Physik, which published it in 1924. Right: after further evaporation, leaving a sample of nearly pure condensate.īose first sent a paper to Einstein on the quantum statistics of light quanta (now called photons), in which he derived Planck's quantum radiation law without any reference to classical physics.
Center: just after the appearance of the condensate. Left: just before the appearance of a Bose–Einstein condensate.
Velocity-distribution data (3 views) for a gas of rubidium atoms, confirming the discovery of a new phase of matter, the Bose–Einstein condensate. In 2001 Cornell, Wieman and Ketterle shared the Nobel Prize in Physics "for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates." History In 1995, the Bose-Einstein condensate was created by Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman of the University of Colorado Boulder using rubidium atoms later that year, Wolfgang Ketterle of MIT produced a BEC using sodium atoms. This state was first predicted, generally, in 1924–1925 by Albert Einstein following and crediting a pioneering paper by Satyendra Nath Bose on the new field now known as quantum statistics. A BEC is formed by cooling a gas of extremely low density (about 100,000 times less dense than normal air) to ultra-low temperatures. Under such conditions, a large fraction of bosons occupy the lowest quantum state, at which point microscopic quantum mechanical phenomena, particularly wavefunction interference, become apparent macroscopically. In condensed matter physics, a Bose–Einstein condensate ( BEC) is a state of matter that is typically formed when a gas of bosons at very low densities is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero (−273.15 ☌ or −459.67 ☏). Schematic Bose–Einstein condensation versus temperature of the energy diagram
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